In recent years new factors such as the emergence of cryptocurrency and blockchain as well as other developments in the international political economy have made it even less likely for maximum pressure sanctions to succeed or have their desired effect. In this article published in Just Security George A. Lopez outlines the various new and surprising stumbling blocks standing in the way of maximum pressure sanctions.

George A. Lopez, “Will Renewed ‘Maximum Pressure’ Sanctions Yield Maximum Results? Not Likely,” Just Security, 15 November 2024.